Meg, We Hardly Knew Ye
By Mark Renz
C. megalodon, known as the genus Carcharodon by some fossil shark researchers and Carcharocles by others, was no doubt one big, mean eating machine. At 60 feet, it was nearly as long as two school buses, and weighed as much as 400 professional football linebackers at 250 pounds each. It's "slice of pie" shaped teeth exceed seven inches, and with Ford Explorer-sized bites it may have been enough to make short order of the largest whales. But what did this shark, more commonly referred to as Meg, look like?
In spite of this massive creature's global domination for millions of years, we know very little about it. All we have to offer us a backwards glimpse are lots of teeth and a few vertebrae, as well as bite marks it left on the bones of large marine mammals. No one has ever found a complete skeleton of an adult Meg, although 150 vertebrae from a 30-foot juvenile were recovered over 130 years ago near Antwerp, Belgium.
So what would Meg have looked like? Some researchers who place the shark in the genus Carcharodon think it would have resembled a great white shark, and therefore would have looked a lot like today's toothy critter. Those who lean towards Carcharocles as the genus believe Meg might have more closely resembled an extremely large sand tiger shark.
Bretton W. Kent, author of "Fossil Sharks of the Chesapeake Bay Region" believes that if Meg is more closely related to sand tiger sharks, the relationship is largely irrelevant for determining body shape. "I'm a functional morphologist by training and argue that the constraints on shape are so severe for an axial swimmer (i.e., that flexes the body to provide propulsion) of this size that a sand tiger style of body is physically impossible," says Kent. "Sand tigers have an acceleration body form and use drag to displace water when swimming. Displacement swimmers need to move a water mass equivalent to 3-4 times their body mass with each stroke of the tail to swim by this mechanism." Kent says that the problem arises at really big sizes like that of Meg.
"This problem is based on classic biological scaling," he says. For objects of similar shape, doubling the length causes surface area (e.g., fins) to increase four times and volume (i.e., mass) to increase eight times. Consequently, a really large sand tiger would need enormous fins to offset the tremendous increase in mass. Unfortunately, these fins would also generate an enormous amount of nonproductive drag that would impede swimming.
"The only way large axial swimmers have evolved is to switch over to a cruising body form that generates propulsion by lift rather than drag," says Kent. "Cruising fish need only displace a fraction of their body weight when swimming, relying instead on increasing the speed, rather than the mass, of the water over the tail. All of the large marine, axial swimmers (tunas, porpoises, whales, great white, mako, basking and whale sharks) use a cruising body form. As far as we know, no really large marine animal with an acceleration body shape has ever evolved. They all appear to be cruisers."
Kent suggests that a more reasonable shape would be that of a basking or whale shark.
"The front ends of these sharks are rather different, but the back ends (where drag is a real problem) are remarkably similar," he says. "The caudal fin is nearly lunate, the second dorsal and anal fins are tiny, and there is a caudal keel on each side of the caudal peduncle. The same pattern occurs in other large axial swimmers (e.g., bluefin tuna, billfish, whales, great whites & makos), not because they are related to each other, but because they're simply big. Again the front ends may be different, but the back ends have the same low drag shape.
"I personally use basking sharks as the basis for my reconstruction of the Meg body shape," adds Kent. "Robustness of the body would be due to the interaction between limits on muscle-based underwater swimming speeds and the proportion of white muscle for burst swimming in the body."
Otodus obliquus tooth from Morocco
Although no one can be certain what Meg looked like based on its fossil teeth, there is ample proof that the teeth themselves were constantly evolving. One of the earliest stages of Meg -- according to "Carcharocles" followers, is Otodus Obliquus, an ancestor of 60-50 million years ago. Otodus had large, thick teeth up to 4 inches with cusplets and no serrations. The shark may have reached 30 feet in length and likely dined on large fish.
Fossil shark specialist David J. Ward says that approximately 51 million years ago in the early Eocene, Otodus teeth developed very fine folds in their cutting edges. "Serrations appeared, at first low, on either side of the crown by the cusplets, then spreading up close to the tip," said Ward. "This first form is called Carcharocles aksuaticus."
The next species is Carcharocles auriculatus of the late to middle Eocene (50-42 mya). As its name implies, it has large, rather ragged lateral cusps, and even serrations that almost, but not quite reach the tip of the crown. Fairly recently, the name C. poseidoni has been used for the first of the Carcharocles lineage that has an almost fully serrated crown. This is a late Eocene (35-30 mya) species.
Eocene , North Carolina - Foto e ritrovamento di Nando Musmarra
The name Carcharocles angustidens is used for a range of shapes as the crown widens and becomes more triangular in the Oligocene through early Miocene (35-22 mya). The form where the lateral cusps are disappearing into the sides of the crown-proper -- seen in the late Oligocene and through the middle Miocene (35-14 mya) is called C. chubutensis by some and C. subauriculatus by others. A morpho species of chubutensis lived into the late Miocene (5 mya).
"The final stage, the star of the show, occurs when, in adults, the lateral cusps are lost, imperceptible in the base of the wide crown," says Ward. "This is C. megalodon." Most of the oldest Meg teeth date back to about 18 mya, but Ward has an Oligocene tooth from the Chandler Bridge Formation of Summerville, SC.
When trying to determine which of Meg's ancestors you have found, Ward emphasizes that you have to first sort out exactly what constitutes a Meg.
"There are two conflicting classifications," he says. "The first - morphospecies - is just shape based. Thus, if it is big, with no lateral cusps, it is a Meg. The other, a more scientific approach, attempts to get closer to a zoological species. The name used is based only on the adult shape. In the Miocene, and possibly in the latest Oligocene, all adults have lost their cusps, and are all, by definition, Megs. The problem with using the former, is that, for instance, a Carcharocles, living in the Middle Miocene starts life as an angustidens, passes its "teens" as chubutensis, and is a Meg as an adult."
Ward says that all the names given to this shark are not too important. They are just ways of expressing stages of evolution in the teeth of a giant shark.
"One thing you must understand is that we are talking about a lineage -- a single undivided branch of the family tree stretching from the Paleocene to the Pliocene -- not a series of separate species. There was only one Carcharocles present at any one time, so a tooth, or for that matter the whole shark, from the USA will be virtually indistinguishable from one, say, from Europe. How many species you divide this lineage into, is not really important. Names are artificial. What is important is to understand that we are talking about the family tree of a single giant shark, that changed gradually through time. "
Photo by Dave Ward
© Mark Renz
Mark Renz hunts for Meg teeth in his home state of Florida, where he and his wife Marisa operate a fossil guide service. Signed copies of his book, "MEGALODON: Hunting the Hunter" are available at:
Si ringraziano Mark e Marisa Renz per il permesso di pubblicare l'articolo e le fotografie
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